NAEYC Reflection Essays - Fertility, Embryology, Midwifery

NAEYC Reflection Golden Williamson ECH/205 Walk 27, 2017 Yvonne Gould NAEYC Reflection NAEYC is loaded with various gauges that are essential to comprehend what's more, figure out how to assist youngsters with developing and grow properly. In the phases of pre-birth advancement, hereditary disarranges, and ecological effects on the improvement of a baby, it is important that we comprehend the association with these turns of events and why they are significant in the beginning of a kid's life. We as a whole realize that advancement of youngsters begins during early stages however it begins during the pre-birth period. During this time, there are amazing changes that occurs and it prepares for the eventual fate of the youngster's advancement. There are three principle steps that happen during pre-birth advancement. First is the germinal stage that happens in the initial two weeks after origination. During this stage, the egg and sperm meet; at that point the egg moves to the uterus and starts cell division. After cell division, blastocyst starts with the advancement of skin, apprehensive, stomach related, respiratory, muscle, and skeletal frameworks. Second is the undeveloped stage, this is the second and third month. In this stage, the incipient organism isolates into three distinct layers known as the body framework. Inside about a month the head followed by the nose, eyes, mouth, and ears are framed. At that point the cardiovascular framework starts as the veins and heart become one and makes a heartbeat. All the significant organs are advancement aside from the regenerative ones. The last stage is the fetal stage. This stage occurs around the third month of pregnancy until mother conceives an offspring. In this stage the regenerative organs start to create and the child keeps on developing and become more grounded. Towards the finish of the pregnancy, the child will start to plan for life outside the belly. Their lungs will begin to contract and extend to develop the muscles for relaxing. A few moms take a gander at pre-birth advancement as an ordinary procedure, however for others there might be a few issues that happen. As a mother, we as a whole expectation that we have an exceptionally simple and straightforward pregnancy yet that isn't generally the situation. Things can turn out badly, in which are typically hereditary or potentially natural issues. Some hereditary issues that may happen during the pre-birth improvement might be Down disorder, otherwise called trisomy 21, and is the most basic hereditary oddity that can be resolved during pregnancy. This is brought about by and additional duplicate of the 21st chromosome. There are likewise acquired ailments can be another source. Sickle cell sickliness is a case of an acquired ailment. There are additionally sex chromosomes issues that can happen for example, Turner condition. This is brought about by just having one X chromosome. Ecological issue is additionally basic during pre-birth advancement. A poisonous condition can influence the baby when the mother is permitting these risky issues to influence her. In the event that the mother is utilizing medications and liquor, this can cause issues with the improvement of the hatchling. It is harming the supplements that the hatchling is expecting to develop fittingly. Maternal infections can likewise have negative effect on the baby. Instances of maternal infections incorporate herpes and AIDS. Herpes infection is the most widely recognized condition that majorly affects the hatchling. It can cause deafness, mind growing, or mental hindrance. The pre-birth period is a period for development and improvement however it has a incredible weakness and ought to be taken with alert, a portion of the risks can be stayed away from while other cant. It is significant for anticipating that moms should be happy to place their hatchling most importantly and deal with themselves as well. While there are likewise a few things that moms can maintain a strategic distance from, hereditary issues might be unavoidable. The best thing that any mother to be can do is to get the best pre-birth care they can and do what they can to make their belly a retreat for the unborn to unwind and develop. References Natural Impacts on Prenatal Development Source: Boundless. Natural Impacts on Prenatal Development. Boundless Psychology Vast, 08 Aug. 2016. Recovered 28 Mar. 2017 from https://www.boundless.com/brain research/course readings/vast brain science- course reading/human-advancement 14/pre-birth improvement 71/ecological impacts-on-pre-birth advancement. (2017). Recovered from https://www.boundless.com/brain research/course readings/vast brain science- course reading/human-advancement 14/pre-birth improvement 71/ecological impacts-on-pre-birth advancement 274-12809/ Phases of Prenatal Development Share. (2017). Recovered from https://www.verywell.com/phases of-pre-birth advancement 2795073 Issues With Prenatal Development. (2017). Recovered from https://www.verywell.com/issues with-pre-birth advancement 2795120 NAEYC Standards for Early Childhood Professional Preparation. (2017). Recovered from http://www.naeyc.org/ecada/measures

This I Believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

This I Believe - Essay Example In the surge, my dad happened to place a little mark in another vehicle. Due to our squeezing need, we dashed off as quick as possible. At the point when we showed up at the organization, my dad was informed that the senior supervisor was not there yet and we would need to pause. This was a help since we were engaged with a little mishap to attempt to arrive on schedule and now we really had additional time than we required. I got some information about the little occurrence out and about yet he said that there was no way around it and it was a mishap at any rate. At last, the senior supervisor turned up and my dad went in to see him. Me and my mom sat tight outside for around 30 minutes until my dad came out. I could tell from the expression all over that something wasn't right. I asked him whether he had gotten the activity or not and he answered decidedly. At that point I said to him why he looked so miserable in the event that he had been recruited. My dad reacted that the superv isor had disclosed to him that somebody had collided with the rear of him on his way to the structure and afterward dashed off ceaselessly. My dad said he felt a feeling of blame. I disclosed to him that he should enlighten his new director concerning the episode and the way that he was the other driver. My dad answered that he would most likely lose his new position, yet it is extremely unlikely that he could conceal this reality from his new chief. So he proceeded to tell his new chief. Shockingly, the administrator said that it was alright and he valued my father’s trustworthiness and obligation. Considerably all the more stunning was the way that my dad despite everything had an occupation. His manager disclosed to him that he required workers who he could trust, and that my dad was one of

Navigating tutorials with your dissertation supervisor

Navigating tutorials with your dissertation supervisor Navigating tutorials with your dissertation supervisor Both undergraduate dissertations and masters dissertations are strictly regulated, in most cases meaning that a student is only allowed a limited number of hours with their dissertation supervisor. This means that it is absolutely essential to make the very most of the time you have with them as their help will be invaluable in writing a first class dissertation. Read our top tips to maximise the efficiency and value of your dissertation tutorial time. Prepare It is vital to prepare fully for your dissertation tutorials. Your time will be wasted if you have to spend part of it catching up and looking at materials you could have studied in advance. This careful preparation and research is an important part of dissertation writing. Prepare a list of topics or issues you need to cover for each tutorial and make sure you get through them. Remember that the number of times your supervisor looks over your drafts during the dissertation writing period may also be limited, so prepare ideas and sections to discuss during tutorials to get the maximum possible amount of input from your dissertation supervisor on your work itself. Plan ahead The limited number of dissertation supervisions you have will fly by much quicker than you anticipate. To avoid the common pitfall of finding you have run out of allocated hours but still have a huge section of dissertation writing to tackle, or an important area still to discuss, find out at the beginning how many hours you are allowed. Then draw up a plan in discussion with your supervisor, assigning each major topic or area a tutorial or part of a tutorial, making sure you will be able to fit everything in to the time allowed. The structure of this plan should echo your dissertation structure. Remember to try and leave some time at the end for a final read-through with your supervisor once you have finished your dissertation writing, for correction of minor errors and referencing, bibliography etc. Take notes Your dissertation supervisor is likely to be an expert on the topic you are writing your dissertation on. Make sure you take copious notes throughout supervisions to help you remember all the valuable advice and information they will give you. If they mention a text or theorist you should look at then make sure you write it down, don’t rely on memory alone. These supervision hours and their knowledge are extremely precious and you will kick yourself later if you can only remember part of what was discussed. The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation See all articles in the series Planning a dissertation: the dos and donts Dissertation research: how to find dissertation resources Masters dissertation research â€" library cataloguing best dissertationdissertation helpdissertation referencing tipsdissertation structuringdissertation writing service

Reader-Response Criticism Langston Hughes’ Dream Boogie

Reader-Response Criticism: Langston Hughes’ Dream Boogie T Wilkins ENG 125 Introduction to Literature Instructor M. XXXXXXXXX May 22, 2011 Literature, no matter what the topic of form it comes in, has the ability to raise issues, spark thought/imagination, and/or draw out emotions that have been buried deep within us as people. It is expected, from the authors, that readers will form opinions and criticisms for their works. Be it that the readers’ emotions parallel those of the writer or differ; some thoughts and opinions are expected. While reading through the text for week one I was drawn in by the many different poems throughout†¦but there was one poem that captured my attention more than the others. That poem is/was â€Å"Dream†¦show more content†¦I also felt a little curious as to what Mr. Hughes could have been facing in his own life that would spark the words. My curiosity ultimately inspired me to head out to the library to get the book â€Å"Montage of a Dream Deferred† so that I could get a better feel as to what Mr. Hughes was trying to help his readers feel. 3. Did it involve a desire to escape a past or present association? 4. What motivation or change did my connection with this piece of literature create in my thinking? In my relationships? After completing a little more research of the poem, author, and the time that the piece was written I think, subconsciously, I would be more apt to try and take better advantage of the opportunities afforded to me, and attempt to carve out even more opportunities for my children. I wouldn’t, exactly, use the word â€Å"escape† but I would say that I would try and â€Å"make better†. I would not want a social revert back to the days where it would be impossible for me to live freely without unjust. 5. What connection can I make between this piece of literature and others that I’ve read? 6. Did my â€Å"connection† reinforce things I knew or add new insights? I like to read stories that are realistic so the one connection that I make between this work and others that I have read in the past is that it doesn’t cover up the fact that black people have had to make due with the hand they were dealt. There is no happy ending but theShow MoreRelatedLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesIn 1919, when Langston Hughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States

Descriptive Essay About Hermes - 736 Words

Kyle Garrity Mrs. Obbagy English 9H/Period 1 13 September 2017 Hermes Hermes, best known as the god of messengers, is by far one of the most interesting and complex characters on Mount Olympus. As well as being the god of messengers, Hermes is also the the god of thieves, of flock and herds, and of astronomy. He has many stories and myths associated with him and other gods that show his many sides and they prove that he is more than mail boy with winged shoes. We are shown the slyness, intellect, and creativity of Hermes as well as how other gods perceive him. He truly is a strong character that just has not yet been fully revealed to everyone. For Hermes, unlike a number of other gods and mythical beings, experts agree and as stated by†¦show more content†¦Aside from what Hermes looked like, there are several myths that truly demonstrate the character of Hermes. One such myth, explained by Michael Karas, reveals how creative and a quick thinker Hermes is: When Hermes was born, he jumped out of his crib, stole Apollos cattle and then went back to his crib playing innocent. However, Apollo figured it out, grabbed Hermes and went to Zeus to complain. The father of gods simply laughed and didnt punish Hermes. To apologise, Hermes gave Apollo the lyre which he had just invented. This myth clearly shows how incredibly smart Hermes is. To make amends with Apollo, he gave him a lyre he made because he knew how much Apollo loved music and he knew the music that came from it was astounding so it would not end up being rejected. In another myth, Zeus asked Hermes to save his mistress Io whom Zeus himself had an affair with and was forced to instantly turn her into a cow, to hide her from his approaching wife that was looking for her pristess. When Hera saw Zeus with a cow, and heard his lame excuse, she was rightfully suspicious and demanded to give her the animal as a gift. Zeus had no choice but to agree because, otherwise, his secret would be disclosed. Hera then called her servant Argos, the hundred-eyed giant, to take her away from Zeus and keep an eye on her. Argos was aShow MoreRelatedThe Life and Opinions of Tristam Shandy Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagescan be viewed as personal and individual to one’s self, and is distinguished as an umbrella term to attributes such as; consciousness, heritage, name, appearance, and the soul. As Sterne’s novel Tristram Shandy draws influence from John Locke’s An Essay of Human Understanding, in which Locke discusses the origin of personal identity, the individual identity is evidently reflected within the text. The novel demonstrates Sterne’s interpretation of the personal identity through the construction of eachRead MoreDissertation - Fdi Impact on Chinese Banks10017 Words   |  41 Pagesgreat number of multinational banks, those banks in order to achieve more profit, they expand and develop to emerging countries, which is called foreign direct investment (FDI). So, in this report, in order to much better understand some information about FDI, especially FDI impact of f oreign retail banking investment in China on the commercial performance Chinese retail banks. Besides, by using Chinese bank industry as a example. In this research, these can be broken down into four broad categories:Read MoreMga Uri Ng Pagsulat5939 Words   |  24 Pagesunderstanding in the area. * Facilitate a transition from subsistence farming toward commercial production. b. Scientific Case Study Lancaster Laboratories Professional Scientific Staffing: a case study in successfully serving our customer by Hermes van der Lee Offering three innovative service models, Lancaster Laboratories provides extensive scientific solutions for clients’ drug development needs. Service models include: Fee for Service (samples tested at Lancaster Labs), Full-Time EquivalentRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pageswith the correct constellations, this chapter is devoted to the latter. The author gives a descriptive list of the twenty-eight mansions of the moon, according to the â€Å"Indian† system, and assigns to each its correct talisman. Analysis of the passage shows that it is a compound of â€Å"Indian† doctrines, the tenets of Dorotheus of Sidon (both attested by Ibn abi ‘l-Rijà ¢l) and elements from a list ascribed to Hermes (attested by the Ihwà ¢n al-Safà ¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) (pp.14-21). At the beginning of the chapter, the authorRead MoreConsumer Behaviour Towards Watches26763 Words   |  108 Pagesconsumers is the media. The media could include a wide range of technology. Marketers are the major people who contribute to the matter of influencing consumer behaviour through the knowledge of fashion. The reason is that teenagers are concerned about fashion value more than any other age groups (Koester and May, 1985). The media, which includes the internet, mobile phones, and satellite television are some technology that generation Y consumers value (Meredith and Schewe, 2002). The valuation

Anger Management Free Essays

Anger is an emotion we have all displayed every once in a while. However, when the anger gets out of control it is time to seek therapy. Here are some suggestions on how to handle anger management problems and how cognitive therapy may help. We will write a custom essay sample on Anger Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Controlling oneis anger is something we all have to deal with at some point. Yes, we tend to get angry with our spouse, the kids, co-workers and bosses. Or we vent our anger in situations involving motorists, or simply when someone pushes the wrong buttons. Anger management control via cognitive therapy is one way in which we can understand where the anger is coming from and how to effectively deal with any given situation in an appropriate and non-combative manner. In cognitive therapy sessions, certain techniques are utilized. These include relaxation methods and visualization techniques which allow the person to use certain images or words to relax when the anger inside rears its ugly head. For example, road rage has become quite prevalent in our society. One of the methods used in anger management is to have the person visualize an instance wherein they become angry at another motorist, and then use the relaxation methods to rid themselves of that anger. In cognitive therapy, psychologists offer different ways for patients to react to the anger. For example, they may ask the patient to look at a situation in a more appropriate and positive manner instead of flying off the handle in a negative way. There are several ways in which psychologists may use these techniques. The first is assisting their patients to become more aware of their anger. Secondly, they may show the patients how to avoid situations in which they can become angry. Thirdly, teaching patients how to recognize what exactly causes the anger. And finally, offering a plan that the patients can utilize to change the way they react to others and avoid situations that trigger the anger to begin with. The one thing that is emphasized by psychologists is that for any treatment to be effective, it should not entail a person ranting and raving about all of the things that make him or her angry. Instead, focusing on the cues that trigger the anger and utilizing relaxation techniques has been viewed as widely effective. While research is still ongoing to determine the underlying cause of anger, cognitive therapy is one method that is effective in controlling and monitoring such behavior. We all get angry, but it is how we deal with the anger that separates those who need anger management from those who do not. How many of you are guilty of yelling at your kids? If you are a yeller, these easy strategies to stop yelling at your kids may provide you with the help you need to change your yelling habits. For anyone who does yell at their kids, you know it’s a hard habit to break. You may be so used to yelling that you don’t even realize you’re doing it. Remember your children will learn more by example than what is told or explained to them. So if you yell a lot, your children are more likely to follow suit. Once you’ve broken that cycle of yelling, you’ll find life as a family is much calmer. Are your children loud? You may have started yelling out of necessity so you would be heard. However, in many cases, yelling is done to release frustrations. No matter the reason for it, many parents who yell are embarrassed and wish things could change. Plan ahead. You know your children are going to frustrate you at some point, so plan ahead how you will handle it. Pay attention to the warning signs such as clenching your teeth or fists, a slight raise to your voice or possibly shaking. * Ask for help. Allow them to give you a signal if your voice begins getting louder. This could be a ‘catch phrase’ which someone not in-the-kn ow won’t understand but you will recognize it as a clue to control yourself. * Develop coping mechanisms. Walk out of the room, take a deep breath or count to ten. Find a coping mechanism that works for you and continue using it when you realize you’re about to yell. Some people snap a rubber band which is around their wrist. * Think about your child’s temper tantrums. Why do they have a meltdown? They’re tired, hungry or frustrated. Are you experiencing the same things? * Pay attention to the times you’re more liable to yell. Perhaps you yell when you’re more stressed than usual. Once you understand when you yell, you’ll be better able to avoid those situations. * Find new ways to get your children’s attention. Don’t yell if your children aren’t paying attention to you. Use a whistle, stand on a chair or try anything out of the ordinary. * If all else fails, seek professional help. Some people have a hard time breaking habits and yelling is one of them. Speak to someone who can hold you accountable or a professional who deals with anger management. They may be able to provide you with the help you need. There are many reasons to stop yelling. It could affect your children’s self-esteem and it causes your blood pressure to rise. Using these easy strategies to stop yelling at your kids, you can change the dynamics of your home from stressful to peaceful. Give it a try and see if these methods work for you. One type of free anger management activity is relaxation, where the individual learns different techniques to help him to relax and calm down before saying or doing anything rash. Deep breathing is one technique individuals can use where they concentrate on breathing deeply in through the nose and out through the mouth, taking a minute to calm down. This breathing should be done through the diaphragm, which means the air should be pulled down toward the gut rather than just through the chest. While breathing, the individual can say a calming word or phrase to himself such as â€Å"calm down† and can picture a soothing scene or person in his mind. Exercise is another free anger management activity that individuals can use to calm down. This does not mean that an individual has to go to a sports gym, but can merely take a time out where he or she walks down the hallway or around the building a coupe of times to get some fresh air, expend some energy, breathe and work to calm down. Another free anger management activity is to work on changing the way a person thinks when he becomes irritated. This includes changing inner thoughts to more constructive patterns such as reminding himself that getting angry does not help or change anything about a situation, only finding a solution or resolution to the situation is helpful. Using a journal or notebook during this phase or reconditioning in free anger management activities can be helpful since some individuals process their thoughts better when written out on paper where they can review them to see which ones are rational and which ones might need to be re-evaluated. In addition to these free anger management activities, it is also wise to plan some fun time into every day so that the individual has time to unwind and let loose of all the burdens that he has been carrying over the course of the day. Many angry people are really at the root stressed out, feeling like they cannot carry any more burdens on their shoulders so that the least irritations seem huge and lead them to anger. Reducing stress also reduces anger in these people and building in personal time can help with this. How to cite Anger Management, Papers Anger Management Free Essays It can stem from feelings of frustration, hurt, annoyance or even disappointment. Sometimes displeasure, hostility or antagonism towards someone or something, usually combined with an urge to harm. It is a complex emotion and when released improperly, it can have devastating effects on the party on the receiving end regardless if the party is a mere object, or person. We will write a custom essay sample on Anger Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Once someone is placed on that end, it is not unusual that they may want to escape the violent encounter. Not everyone is a natural born fighter. And then there are others†¦ The ones who become defensive. More often than not, these people stop listening or counter attack. Whether you run away or choose to fight, none of these results in any type of resolution whatsoever and most of the time sows more bad feelings that creep up behind us later on in life. Anger is a very natural emotion that is experienced by all people. Everyone with proper discipline could put anger in its place. Anger isn’t a bad thing. It becomes bad when released in a poor fashion. Today, I will be discussing anger. -Specifically, techniques that enhance interpersonal communication and in turn, possibly reducing and managing poorly expressed anger. Now let’s define what is meant by â€Å"anger management†. The term anger management commonly refers to a system of psychological therapeutic techniques and exercises by which someone with excessive or uncontrollable anger can reduce the triggers, degrees, and effects in an angered emotional state. In the paragraphs to follow I will discuss what communication authors, scholars and experts had to say about anger management, including my findings and conclusions drawn from experiments and observations I have conducted and have noted utilizing these techniques. Rationale: Admittedly, I wasn’t going to do my research paper on anger. I had to contemplate. I thought is this something that I have trouble dealing with at times as do the people that are around me. Every time I asked it, in any manner, the answer always remained the same. Why not? So it reeled me in like a fish on a hook. Through my experiments and research paper I hoped to encounter everyday methods to help me release my anger in a constructive way, as I do tend to bottle up feelings inside and then â€Å"blow my top†. I am grateful that I don’t have what is described as an anger â€Å"problem† by any means –as it isn’t frequent- but I do release it improperly at times. Sometimes being referred to as a child since children hold their feelings in and then make the world pay after, I would like to correct that. Furthermore, I had previous knowledge that a lot of research has been done on anger management and I was curious to see what was to be said on this topic since we all deal with angry people every day. Not only do I want to help myself, but I would rather like to help those that I know are less fortunate than I and spread the word to them so their lives could be a little less hectic then what it is. Research: When researching about this topic, I came across the following information by Henry Kellerman. He posted an article stating the following information: Anger all on its own is said to have its own personality. According to Henry Kellerman’s, Ph. D, Anger is the Key, he depicts anger as having, â€Å"six key characteristics. Those characteristics are described as the following: Anger is inborn so it has an aggressive drive. It makes itself expansive; wanting to get bigger and bigger. It wants to burst forth so it has explosive potential. Anger also constantly wants to attack. It has an entitled frame of mind feeling that it has the right to get tough. And lastly, it also sees itself as an empowerment so it eliminates feelings of helplessness. If one could keep in mind th e six main things that anger manifests itself by, then you could begin to learn to how to begin to work with you emotions. Meaning, we change how we see things. More so our perception. When we are angry or upset, we tend to view another’s behavior as, â€Å"controllable, characterological, and permanent. † Saying how you feel, why and what you want and calming down are all ways to prevent unwanted anger. Sometimes we may not be able to control the situations that we’re placed in so we look for ways to change the reaction even when changing the situation may not be possible. Let’s face it. We get angry and sometimes there is nothing we could really do. One way we can learn to lessen anger is by lessening the emotional impact so you would know how to express your anger in a manner that can promote resolution for the situation that triggered the anger in the first place. In my research I have found that anger is an expression of another emotion that lies underneath. In many situations, anger can be linked to intent to preserve personal worth to preserve essential needs, or to preserve basic convictions. Identifying these unmet needs is one of the goals of anger management counseling. Once these needs are identified, you may need to determine how to address those situations and relationships that may lack boundaries, or healthy structure. In the article Anger Management, by Harry Mills, he states that, â€Å"People tend to go through a predictable set of several stages while working through life-changes. Progress through the stages is largely due to a combination of motivation, technique and dedication. Some people move quickly through the stages, while others move more slowly, perhaps even taking a step or two backward before continuing on to complete their change. Since we want to enhance our communication skills, we need to first be able to learn effective anger management techniques which in turn would allow us to recognize the situations that make us angry so that we may be able to change. The four steps he says that can bring you better interpersonal skills are, awareness, preparation, action and maintaining gains. In awareness, the angry person seeks infor mation about anger management; what anger is, how anger affects health and relationships, and how anger can be controlled. In preparation, you make a decision to actually make a change in the way you will express anger. In the Action stage you start making real changes and perform the way you prepared to do. And finally, in the management stage you learn to accept the fact that you are not perfect, that you will make mistakes and act inappropriately and that you can recover from lapses in your behavior when they do occur. Achieving sustained behavior change is a project. It may take multiple attempts and multiple failures before you will achieve this goal. Each time you do lapse into old behavior, you can use the tools and strategies you have learned along the way to help you pick yourself up and recover. How to cite Anger Management, Papers

CSR Activities of Mark and Spenser

Question: Discuss about theCSR Activities of Mark and Spenser. Answer: Introduction Organization is comprised of complex set of activities in which various activities are performed. CSR stands for corporate social responsibilities which are required to be followed by each and every organization to discharge their social responsibilities. Now a days CSR activities has been used by organization for increasing their brand image and wining clients trust at large. In several countries CSR activities are the mandatory to be followed by organizations in order to comply with laws and regulation of government (Keitsch, Sigurjonsson, Nilsen, Spencer, (2013). However, CSR has been taken as obligation to act which is followed in order to serve for the best interest of shareholders and company at large. This activity is optional or mandatory to follow for organizations around the globe as per different statutes and legal compliance of particular countries but there are several benefits which could be observed by companies following CSR activities e.g. increase in brand image, c reation of shareholder value, effectiveness of value chain activities, better compliance with laws and regulations. Mark Spenser has been following corporate social responsibilities in order to provide best services to its stakeholders. It is one of the UKs leading company which has been providing its services over 21 Million clients around the globe. It not only includes monetary contribution of organization but also includes doing business ethically for the best interest of stakeholders. (Smith, 2016). Mark and Spenser has been leader on CSR and sustainability within retail industry. As a part of corporate social responsibilities, Mark and Spenser has come up with five year eco plan. This plan has been introduced with a view to eliminate all the environmental problems to the extent. However, this plant has been resulted into increment in the brand image of the company and following benefits to the society e.g. 50,000 tones reduction in CO2 emission, recycling of clothing, reducti on of carrier bags by forcing clients to pay for bags. Throughout the time Mark and Spenser has been developing competitive advantages in developing trust of clients in its value chain activities. In addition, company has set up an effective reputation and attracts more stakeholders by setting up CSR programmed. In modern business world, CSR policies have become part of several organizations. According to business law it is observed that company is separate legal entity and in order to generate profit and raising money from the public it should bear responsibility for the welfare of society and other stakeholders of organization. There are several other CSR activities which have been followed by Mark and Spenser for its better business functioning (Perry, Towers, 2013). Theories of Corporate Social Responsibility There are several theories which could be applied by organization for its CSR activities. Triple Bottom Line Approach It is concept which provides that company should not focus only on earning profit from its business functioning but also take into consideration the environmental impact from its business functioning. Triple bottom line consists with people, plant and profit. Each and every organization while running its business must consider the impact of its activities on society and resources of nature in determined approach. Mark and Spenser should consider social sustainability, fair trade movement and economic sustainability while following triple bottom line approach in its CSR activities (Soundararajan, Spence, Rees, (2013). Stakeholder Theory Approach This CSR concept provides that company not only consider its business functioning but also evaluate the impact of its value chain activities on its stakeholders. These are the person who directly and indirectly affects or get affects by organization. Mark and Spenser while doing its business should identify the potential stakeholders who will get affected by its business functioning. Sustainability of Company Sustainability is related with using the resources in very effective manner so that they could be made available for the future generation of society. Mark and Spenser has been leader on CSR and sustainability within retail industry. In order to increase the sustainability of resources, company has developed an effective plan of not to use plastic bags and other hazardous products in its business functioning which could be determinate for the society. According to CR index and other big tick awards in order to comply with CSR companies could discharge their CSR in different areas. Mark and Spenser has played strong role in providing valuable working environment to employees for their better satisfaction. In the recent time Mark and Spenser has announced its new CSR program named One day wardrobe clear out. In this plan company will aim to generate 1 million amount for providing cloths and money to needy people around the globe. In this Mark and Spenser has issued a gift voucher for clients who surrender their old cloths in stores. This program has been developed with a view to provide best effective help for the people who are need of cloths and money for their survival. Mark and Spenser has been developing a plan in which its clients and it operation plans have been making contribution in order to develop an effective corporate social responsibility plan. In the developed plan of Mark and Spenser in not to use plastic bags in it s buying and selling activities there has been 20% reduction in using plastic bags. In addition to this there are several environmental green issues plan which was developed with a view to support plugging trees around the globe in high numbers (Adhikari, Biswas, Avittathur, (2016). Impact on Stakeholders from its Multiple CSR Activities Now it could be inferred that corporate social responsibility is very imperative for each and every organization for the better functioning of organization. In addition it allows organizations to render back what it has taken while doing business in society. Mark and Spenser has been following these corporate social responsibility activities for the best interest of stakeholders and organization at large. There are other several CSR activities which are going to be implemented by such as introducing employee development plan, establishment of eco plan, and best interest of stakeholders around the globe. However, these CSR activities will help organization to win stakeholder trust and eventually results into increment in the brand image of company. It is further observed that stakeholders are the essential part of Corporate governance of organization. Therefore, maximum advantage should be give to stakeholders by organization from its CSR activities. Mark and Spenser has followed three key pillars in discharging its CSR activities such as responsibility, transparency, customer engagement program. However, CSR activities have been accompanied with following points given as below (Bailey, Spencer, Bentham, Baylis, B Sams, (2016). Total Corporate Social Responsibilities Mark and Spenser has been developing several plans and activities for the best interest of people and plant. In its current annual report company has reflected that it has supported NGOs, and other organizations to support or boost young employability (Perry, Towers, (2013). It is the responsibility of organization to produce the services and goods what clients want. CSR activities put emphasis upon providing best quality of services and goods to clients by organization. In addition to this all the modern society rules and regulation would be followed by each and every organization for fulfilling their ethical responsibility. In addition to this, discretionary responsibility of organization should be purely derived by organizations desire to make social contribution in economy. Show the Transparency Transparency has been very big focus for growth of the organization. It has been given that company has to disclose all information related with its business functioning. Mark and Spenser has provided each and every single detail in its annual report either related with its CSR activities or with its legal compliance. Establish nexus between organization growths with its stakeholder welfare Mark and Spenser has been indulged in activities to develop training program for its employees for their growth. In addition there are programs which have been implemented by company in order to establish nexus between company and stakeholders such as issues of share at free of cost to existing shareholders, issue of Employee stock option scheme, issue of pari passu shares (Soundararajan, Spence, Rees, 2013). References Adhikari, A., Biswas, I., Avittathur, B. (2016). Green Retailing: A New Paradigm in Supply.Handbook of Research on Strategic Supply Chain Management in the Retail Industry, 290. Bailey, M., Spencer, N., Bentham, A., Baylis, B., Sams, P. (2016). What on Earth is Responsible Innovation anyway? (And how to make it happen). Keitsch, M., Sigurjonsson, J., Nilsen, B. F., Spencer, E. (2013). Sustainable Design and Social EntrepreneurshipA Common Path toward Social Innovation.Journal of US-China Public Administration,10(6), 618-629. Perry, P., Towers, N. (2013). Conceptual framework development: CSR implementation in fashion supply chains.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,43(5-6), 478-501. Smith, N. C. (2016). From Corporate Philanthropy to Creating Shared Value: Big Pharmas New Business Models in Developing Markets.GfK Marketing Intelligence Review,8(1), 30-35. Soundararajan, V., Spence, L. J., Rees, C. (2013). Development from the inside-out? CSR and the construction of working conditions in Indian SMEs.

Chemically Impaired Nurses Essay Example

Chemically Impaired Nurses Essay When deciding to enter the stressful and demanding field of nursing, I asked myself how will I physically, mentally, and emotionally deal with the demands of the profession? It takes a lot of long hours, knowledge of procedures and practices, and devotion to patients and their families. So how do nurses deal with the demands of their job? It has surprised me that in researching the profession that ten to twenty percent of practicing nurses have substance abuse problems. Substance abuse is defined as using excessive amounts of drugs or alcohol beyond their specified purpose. I chose to research this particular social problem because it concerns me that so many individuals are choosing to enter the nursing field to specifically help or care for the well-being of others, but are putting lives in danger by working under the influence of drugs and alcohol. Nurses handle, measure, and administer most of the medication given to hospitalized patients, giving them the most access to controlled substances. The reasons given for most of the drug abuse among nurses is psychological distress, physical exhaustion, and job dissatisfaction. It was interesting to learn that 10 percent of drug abuse begins while attending nursing school. At Salem Community College, drug testing is administered during the nursing program to prohibit the use of drugs and anyone with a previous drug charge may not apply to the program. I believe schools are trying to limit the amount of potential drug users from entering the profession. When trying to propose solutions on how to combat this issue, one must use the three main sociological perspectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemically Impaired Nurses specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Chemically Impaired Nurses specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Chemically Impaired Nurses specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer First, the symbolic interactionist perspective uses symbols to consider details of everyday life and how people interact with each other. A symbolic interactionist may believe that drug use is a learned experience. Without someone showing you how to use the drug or describing the effects or feeling of the drug, you may never consider trying it in the first place. If the initial drug use is defined as pleasurable, it is likely to reoccur, and over time the individual will earn the label of â€Å"drug user. † If this definition is internalized so that the individual assumes the identity as a drug user, the behavior will continue. A symbolic interactionist’s solution to this problem may be early education about drugs and alcohol to children to deter the behavior before it begins. Second, a functionalist perspective uses scientific approaches to deal with social issues. A functionalist would look for data in drug use among nurses such as deaths, arrests, loss of medical licenses, etc. Functionalists argue that society provides us with norms and guidelines on alcohol and drug use. Drugs are seen as very functional. They alleviate pain, reduce fevers, and curb infections. A functionalist’s solution to drug abuse is to provide guidelines for behavior. People who lack control are more likely to pursue destructive behaviors. A solution could possibly be early intervention. Provide nurses with an outlet to discuss their feelings or work concerns. Shorter shifts and less patients to care for would also alleviate stress. The final perspective would be the conflict perspective. The conflict perspective would suggest that the abuse of drugs and alcohol plaguing the nursing profession would be directly attributed to social class, income, and power. If the nurse was given more power in the workplace and was not overworked and stressed, there would be no reason to abuse drugs. A solution to this issue in the conflict perspective would be for nurses to have a higher income and more control over their schedules and responsibilities in the workplace. In comparing the different sociological perspectives, I believe it is important to use both micro and macro analysis to investigate this social problem. Micro analysis can be used to analyze individual problems in the nursing profession that cause many nurses to turn to drugs and alcohol. Macro analysis will look at the profession as a whole to see what can be done to improve conditions for nurses and to rehabilitate nurses who are in recovery. I personally would choose both methods because it is important to use different points of views to solve problems in our communities. When looking back 50 years, I believe that chemically impaired nursing was as much a problem then as it is today. There was less documentation back then to account for lost medication. I believe there was an assumption that nurses are respected, trusted, and would never put the patients life in danger. With all of the technology today, I believe it is a lot harder to get away with stealing medication. When administering drugs, there is a lot more documentation and security in the hospitals. Medications are secured in lock boxes which must be accessed by more than one nurse. If I were a sociologist given a grant to investigate chemically impaired nurses, I would go around to hospitals and have a group discussion. I would ask the nurses to voice their concerns about their work environment and try to solve the underlying issues. I trust the functionalist view in trying to provide an outlet for nurses to get out their pain and stress. Maybe personal therapy sessions would be a helpful service to provide. When caring for others all the time, sometimes you need someone to hear your thoughts and feelings. There needs to be more sympathy for nurses in America. Instead of stripping a nurse of their license, we need to rehabilitate our nurses and treat them with the same respect as they do their patients. In the end. we are all humans and should be allotted the same opportunities. The government needs to put more money in educating future nurses, so that less nurses will be spread so thin between so many patients. Nurses who see unusual behavior such as mood swings, lateness, absences, and unfinished assignments must speak up and notify a supervisor. The addiction cannot be confronted if it is never detected. By treating the nurses with respect, the same treatment will be given to the patients. Works Cited Botterweck, Michael J. â€Å"Everyday Sociology. † Starpoint Press. 2009. Dolan, Josephine. â€Å"History of Nursing. † W. B. Saunders Co. , 1968. Rafferty, Anne Marie. â€Å"The Politics of Nursing Knowledge. † London. 1998.

A Biography of Joseph McCarthy essays

A Biography of Joseph McCarthy essays Joseph Raymond McCarthy was born on a farm in Appleton, Wisconsin on November 14th, 1908. His parents were devout Roman Catholics and McCarthy was the fifth on nine children. After attending the local elementary school, he left school at 14 and worked as a chicken farmer. McCarthy later managed a grocery store in the nearby town of Manawa, where he was considered to be a popular person and the store was quite profitable. He was encouraged by his friends to attend high school and so in 1928, at the age of 20, McCarthy returned to school and completed the normal four-year high school curriculum in one year. He graduated in 1935 from the Marquette University in Milwaukee with a degree in law. After graduation, McCarthy set up a law practice in Waupaca, another nearby town. It is reported that McCarthy experienced very little success as a lawyer, only taking four cases in nine months. It is also reported that he supplemented his income through poker games. At that time, he went to work in Shawano for Mike Eberlein. The two worked together for three years until Joseph won the judgeship for the Tenth District of the Wisconsin Circuit Court. McCarthy was originally a supporter of the Democratic Party, but when he failed to become the Democratic Partys candidate for district attorney, he switched his support to the Republican Party. He shocked local officials by fighting a dirty campaign, which included publishing literature that falsely claimed that his opponent Edgar Werner was 73, senile, and implied Werner was guilty of financial corruption. McCarthys misconduct earned him a reprimand from the Wisconsin Supreme Court. McCarthy was exempt from the military draft due to his public position, but in 1941, McCarthy abruptly quit the bench and enlisted in the Marine Corps. During his two years of service as first lieutenant, McCarthy engaged in numerous flying missions, although the majority were training missions...

Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution in 18th Century Europe Essay

Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution in 18th Century Europe - Essay Example The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution period in Europe provided a concise account that evoked a change of the mindset in many aspects of life. The revolution provided a new thinking that increasingly became the future people were anticipating. This made people disintegrate itself with the past in the endeavor to foster forward thinking that gave them more hope for the future. The impact of this revolution was that literacy increased in the form of science, philosophy, and art spread throughout Europe. This prompted people in Europe to react against paranormal, spiritual, and mystical thinking. Another impact was that the revolution enabled people to overcome the holy systems and medieval politics that ruled authoritative throughout Europe (Outram 56). The spread of literacy enabled European intellectualism that saw the merchant class rise and new systems of ruling formed. Therefore, the revolution gave rise to new economic and political systems that were further away from the G od-centered world Europe was before the 18th century. During this time, people were empowered to express strongly their beliefs that were against the traditional religion (Mokyr 9). This included notions that nature could be mastered and controlled by human beings not only by God. This further deepened the theme of secular progress in enlightenment and how it was shaping the culture and politics of the people in Europe. The emergence of political theories of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution was a global occurrence.

Ancient Greece Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ancient Greece Architecture - Research Paper Example The most distinctive characteristic of ancient Greek architecture is its temples. Ancient Greek architecture is best recognized for its temples. Many of them are situated all the way through the area, generally as ruins or remains but a lot are still to a large extent intact. The succeeding most significant form of structure that endured all throughout the Hellenic world is the uncovered, open-air theatre. The earliest among them dates all the way back roughly around 350 BC. Each Greek township had these kinds of theatre, which were used for communal and social gatherings and meetings as well as for theatrical presentations and shows. The theatre was typically placed in a hillside right out of the town, and had rows of seats placed one above the other, in a half circle surrounding and around the middle area for the performance or presentation, the orchestra. Behind that was a building called the skene. This functioned as a dressing room for the performers, a storage room for props, e tc. and as background scenery to the action happening in the orchestra. A couple of Greek open-air theatres have survived and remained nearly undamaged. The best known among all is located at Epidaurus. The architect who designed this theatre was Polykleitos the Younger who was also a sculptor of athletes and the architect of Tholos. Aside from the theatre, there are also other architectural structures that are even now still in sight. One of them is the processional entry used for ceremonies. This gateway is called the propylon. A storied row of pillars called the stoa borders the agora, or the public square. The town building where the ruling body meets called the bouleuterion can also still be seen in some places. Others include the public memorial, the massive mausoleums and the stadium as well. Towns in Greece with a population of significant size also had a gymnasium or palaestra. This was the public center for males. This included watcher/spectator sections, baths, lavatories , and clubrooms as well. There were other sport-associated buildings. One of the most significant in ancient Greece was the hippodrome, used for horseracing. Only bits and pieces of the hippodromes have lasted. The stadium used for for foot races were 600 feet in length. A number of them exist in different places, which includes the ones in Olympia, Epidarus, Delphi and Ephesus. The 45,000-seating Panathinaiko Stadium which is situated in the Greek city of Athens, was repaired and restored back in the 1800s. It was later used in a number of Olympic Games, the ones held in 1896, 1906 and 2004 Olympic Games. Ancient Greek architecture is known for its greatly formal distinctiveness, equally of formation and ornamentation. Temples were frequently lifted up on elevated ground so that the sophistication of its magnitude and the effect of daylight on its exterior features might be observed from all perspectives. Nikolaus Pevsner refers to these magnificent architectural structures,  "placed before us with a physical presence more intense, more alive than that of any later building". The official terms of Ancient Greek architecture, in particular the dissection of architectural manner. Stylistically, the architecture of Ancient Greece is separated into three â€Å"orders†: the Doric Order, the Ionic Order and the Corinthian Order. The names of these orders reveal their origin. The Doric Order, th

Ethno Musicological Analysis of Music of a Greek Sub-Culture

Ethno Musicological Analysis of Music of a Greek Sub-Culture Rembetika is the Greek urban song that emerged during the 20th century. The aim of this dissertation will be to approach, explore, evaluate, and compare rembetika as cultural art expression and as heritage art expression. It will explore the roots of rembetika, the historical and political forces that influenced its development, and the changes that have transformed it into what it has become today. It will seek to address the question of how this Greek musical tradition managed to develop and survive on Turkish grounds. In addition, it will study the role that rembetika has played in Greek society, and explore what made this form such an important vehicle of expression for the people who lived during the years in which it flourished the most (the period after the Asia Minor Catastrophe).Finally, it will discuss the ethnomusicological aspects of rembetika by comparing it with the music of similar subcultures, such as fado,tango, and flamenco. Literature Review Researching rembetika has presented special challenges, as its acceptance into society is relatively recent. In addition, its existence as a legitimate subject of academic investigation is relatively new. The work of Gail Holst (later Holst-War haft) was tremendously helpful in researching rembetika, as her work spans a number of years. Her earlier writings are enthusiastic and passionate, although unfortunately much of the information she presented was not quite accurate, as the sources she relied on did not have the correct information to begin with. She discusses this in the preface to third edition Road to rembetika Her later writings, particularly the essayRebetika The Double-descended Deep Songs of Greece, are written in a much more scholarly fashion, and are carefully researched and documented. In general, her work was an invaluable resource. Elias Petropoulos book, Songs of the Greek Underworld: The Rebetika Tradition, was another helpful source. Petropoulos first-hand knowledge of the world of rembetika gives him an insiders perspective that is difficult to find in the literature that is available on this subject. As a source, however, it tends to be uneven, as the mythology of the rebates is intermingled with his notes on musical modes and lyrical style. In addition, some of the information is contradictory. For example, although Petropoulos asserts that the practitioners of rembetika were basically law-abiding people, he spends a great deal of time talking about their prison hierarchies. He does this without explaining why these law-abiding people would spend so much time behind bars. Of course, over the course of doing this research, one is able to devise theories to explain this contradiction. As a marginalized people and members of a subculture, practitioners of rembetika were often vulnerable to authorities. This would certainly explain the fact that they spent a great deal of time in prison, since they would be persecuted for this and for their rebellious attitudes as well. In addition, the excessive use of hashish, although not at the time illegal, may have been a factor that would contribute to this. At any rate, the lingo of prison figures prominently in many of the rembetika lyrics, and the lyrics are so closely associated with the actual lives of the rebates that the merging of myth and man seems inevitable. Petropoulos also points out that lack of availability of rembetika records makes a thorough ethnomusicological analysis of rembetika as a musical form very difficult. He asserts that in order for there to be an initial compilation and transcription of songs, more resources would have to be made available. Petropoulos also states that as of 2000,there were no moves in this direction, although he points out that he has deposited all of his rembetika archives in the Gennady’s Library in Athens. Recent journal publications on the social and cultural aspects of rembetika, though not as plentiful as those available on more mainstream musical cultures, are generally well-researched and carefully documented. The work of Sand, Ste ingress, and Tunis were all very insightful. There is every indication that this is a growing field of study that merits further research. 1. Introduction The music of a society is said to be a reflection of that society, and this is true of sub-cultures of a society as well as it is of the mainstream of which they are a part. As this paper intends to demonstrate, rembetika reflects the subculture of the people who shaped and developed it. Although it has become part of the modern culture not just of Greece, but also of the diaspora and, as Tunis has suggested, the wider multicultural world traditional rembetika is not truly reflection of todays society. It reflects back on an early time. Thus, in a sociological cultural framework, though rembetika still exists, the rembetika we know today is a reflection of a marginalized group or subculture that no longer truly exists. Rembetika, as defined earlier, is the Greek urban song that emerged during the 20th century. It is closely identified with a Greek subculture that developed after the incident known as the Asia Minor Catastrophe an event that changed the course of Greek history and affected the lives of the millions of refugees and immigrants who were forced to leave their homeland. Section 2 of this paper, The History of Rembetika, discusses rembetika music by placing it in a historical framework This is accomplished by discussing the political and social atmosphere in which the musical form developed, as well as the events which shaped and directed its future. Also addressed are current theories of the derivation of the word rembetika. The section concludes with discussion of the language used to analyse rembetika. Section 3 analyses the components of rembetika music form itself: the lyrics, the music, and the dances. Although the three together comprise what is known as rembetika, by taking them apart for individual analysis, one is better able to understand the essence of the music form. The lyrics of all the songs, from the love songs to those that praise the freedom of escape through hashish, express a pervasive sense of loss. These are the authentic songs of rembetika these are not the lyrics that were written after rembetikas status had been elevated to respectable and eventually popular, levels. In terms of music, the melodies of rembetika conform to the modal types of Greek folk music as well as Turkish folk music, with strong ties to Byzantine church music. In addition, as Petropoulos points out, they have been influenced by a number of other sources which were brought to Greece by the gypsies. Therefore, the music also shows traces of influence from Albania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, southern Russia, the Caucasus, Syria, Egypt, and India (Petropoulos, 2000: 75). In Section 4, rembetika is analysed within a sociocultural framework. First is a discussion of the social acceptance of rembetika as it has waxed and waned over the years. Following this is a look at rembetika within an ethnomusicological framework in which it is compared to the music of similar subcultures, such as flamenco and fade. The ways in which rembetika music reflects Greek society are not simpleton determine, given the complex nature of its history. How, then, does one attempt to analyse rembetika music in order to understand it in a cultural sociological framework? Ste ingress offers a framework for doing this. He bases his theories on years of research on ethnic music styles associated with subcultures, including rembetika, as well as tango and flamenco styles. Using the data amassed from these studies, he offers a set of criteria by which each of these musical styles can be assessed. He also points out that traditional modes of study do not work for these non-traditional cultural forms, asserting that ethnocentric, nationalist or essentialist approaches to ethnic music-styles afford little insight into the social and cultural significance of postmodern popular art'(Ste ingress, 1998: 151). 2.. History of Rembetika This section discusses the history of rembetika music, placing it in ahistorical framework by discussing the political and social atmosphere in which the art form developed, as well as the events which shaped and directed its future. It also addresses current theories of the derivation of the word rembetika, and presents a discussion of the language used to analyse rembetika. 2.1.1 The Asia Minor Catastrophe Discussing the tragedy of the Greek-Turkey conflict, Holst-Warhaftwrites: so symbolic of tragedy is the defeat of the Greek forces in Asia Minor and the fire that destroyed Christian Smyrna in 1922, that it is simply referred to as The Catastrophe (Holst-War haft, 1972:114). Indeed, The Catastrophe was an event that forever altered the character of the newly independent country. In order to truly understand rembetika, one must understand the events that affected its development. The Catastrophe is one of them. According to the treaty of Sevres, Greece was accorded the right to occupy Smyrna. Despite the obvious difficulties this presented, the Greek army forged ahead and tried to do this in 1919 with the support of its allies. The apparent goal was to gain a foothold in Asia Minor; however, there was more involved than obtaining land to the Greeks. It was also a symbol, for most Greeks, of the cherished dream of recovering some part of their former Byzantine glory (Holst-Warshaft,1972: 114). Though initially things went well, the Greeks decided to march inland in an attempt to take Ankara. During this period, the French backed out, and eventually the Greeks were left to fend for themselves. The Greek army was forced to flee, joined by the Greek population of Smyrna Greeks who were unaccustomed to living in Greece. Thousands were killed in The Catastrophe, and the city of Smyrna was burned to the ground by the Turks (Barrett. Holst-War shaft, 1972). The outcome of the Turku-Greek war resulted in an international conference in which it was decided that a compulsory exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey should be put into place. This exchange was based solely on religion. Actual nationality was not considered at all. Hence, people who were Orthodox were considered Greek, and people who were Muslim were considered Turkish (Holst, 1983: 25). The effects of the Asia Minor Catastrophe were devastating and far-reaching. The refugees who had fled from Asia Minor were now penniless; in addition, they had left without a chance to take any belongings, so they were in a desperate state. Although they came from far more cultured, affluent land, when they relocated in Greece they were forced to live in poverty as inferior individuals. The huge and sudden increase in population led to the growth of huge shantytowns on the outskirts of Piraeus and Athens. It also created for the first time, as Holst-War shaft writes a sizable proletarian audience for songs that dealt with themes of poverty, nostalgia, hashish smoking, and low life. The expulsion of Asia Minor Christians also became enshrined in Greek popular culture as a metaphor for loss and grief'(Holst-War haft, 1998: 115). The refugees were literally living on the edge of Greek society. According to Holst, it was not surprising that many of them joined there bà ªtes or mange’s in their loosely organised sub-culture, or were attracted to the hashish-smoking takes, to which they were accustomed in Turkey (Holst, 1983: 27). This passage from Barrett explains the plight of the refugees with poignancy: Imagine yourself as a refugee. In Asia Minor you may have had business, a nice home, money, friends, family. But in the slums of Athens all you had was whatever you could carry with you out of Turkey, and your shattered dreams. You went from being in the middle class toeing underground in a foreign country that did not particularly want you. Rembetika was the music of these outcasts. The lyrics reflected their surroundings, poverty, pain, drug addiction, police oppression, prison, unrequited love, betrayal and hashish. It was the Greek urban blues. (Barrett, 2005: nap.) As stated above, the refugees hailed from a far more cosmopolitan environment. This, naturally, included the musicians, who brought with them a sophisticated level of skill. According to Holst-War haft, the influx of refugees had an impact on the music, and there was a revival of the oriental, or what would come to be called Smyrna-style music. According to Emery, the effect of these forced migrations was to shatter the previously existing social and economic structures of Greece. Classes and hierarchies that had existed in the diaspora communities were turned topsy-turvy in the bedlam of flight and the ensuing struggle for survival (2000: 19). Furthermore, the refuges were plagued by unemployment, since the sudden population explosion made employment opportunities scarce. Finally, the issue of racism created yet another set of pressures for the newly transfixed refugees(Emery, 2000: 19). So the violent break-up of traditional social structures was accompanied by another violence, in the ways in which social spaces and living conditions were organized for the newly arrived migrants’, writes Emery (2000: 19). Formerly productive members of a more sophisticated society, the refugees were now living in squalid conditions, suddenly impoverished and traumatised. Considering these conditions, the only options open to them for survival were prostitution and crime. If they sought their escape through hashish, it seems harsh to condemn. The fact they also sought escape through their music is something later generations can be thankful for. 2.1.2 The Language of Rembetika Holst addresses the issue of spelling in her Preface to the third edition of Road to Rembetika, noting that she is frequently asked why her transliteration of the Greek word Ï ÃŽ µÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ± is rembetika, instead of the frequently-used rebetika that tends to be favoured by foreign scholars and researchers. Explaining that phonetically, the English bis at best a close approximation of the Greek ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬, she asserts that there is a strong case for transliterating both rembetika andzembekiko with an m. That is the spelling that is used in this paper, except when quoting the material of others who use different variations. In those cases, the spelling of the original document prevails. In his introduction to Petropoulos book, Emery offers a number of possible derivations for the word term rembetika, which is alternately spelled rembetiko, rebetiko and rebetika. Like all subculture music’s, rebetika poses difficulties of classification ‘writes Emery, noting that individual rebetologists each have their own explanations (2000: 16). It is his estimation that the most likely derivation is from the old Turkish word rebut, which means of the gutter. Other possibilities offered by Emery include the term rebetasker, which is what the Turks used to refer to irregular troops, or people who defied authority. The Serbian word reebok, or rebel, is another possible source, as is the Hebrew rab, which is the root word for rabbi (2000: 16). Holst concurs that there is no certainty about the beginnings of the word. She explains that it is not known where it comes from, or when it was first used. What is no longer in doubt’, she asserts, is that the type of song usually termed rembetiko derives from or has its origins in an oral tradition where improvisation played an important part in both the music and the lyrics of the songs'(Holst, 1983: 2). Other words that are part of the language of rembetika include rebates(plural rebates; also rebates with the plural rebates). This word refers to the original practitioners of rembetika the men who actually lived the life and formed part of the sub-culture in which rembetika developed. The word mangas (plural mange’s) is close in definition; it also refers to members of the sub-culture, but they may or may not have been directly involved with rembetika. In addition, mange’s were generally part of the underworld (Holst, 1983: 13–14). 2.1.3. The Figure of the Rebates Petropoulos asserts that you cannot talk about the rebetiko song without first talking about the rebates (2000: 42). Though often associated with the underworld, this classification is not fair, and it is often untrue. Petropoulos makes clear the distinction that members of the underworld are usually considered as acting outside the law, while rebates, for the most part, existed with it. Here is his colourful description of the rebates: the rebates was careful to safeguard his personal freedom. The rebates detested bourgeois ways, consequently he did not marry. The rebates was a fighter. The rebates smoked hashish. The rebates knew how to use a knife. The rebates spoke in slang (2000:43). Petropoulos goes into great detail about the rebates. As for physical appearance, the rebates was usually slender with no sign of a belly’. His hair was often greased with brilliantine, and he would probably sport a single curl that would fall over his eyes. He would usually have a moustache, which would also be waxed. Use of body paint was common, as were tattoos. There was usually a specific tattoo on the back of one of his hands. He would walk with a lop-sided, rolling gait, his left shoulder raised, and moving only his right hand. The look would be heavy and vaguely threatening, the voice hoarse from much smoking of hashish (Petropoulos, 2000: 49). As for clothing, the rebates seem to have been very particular. Perhaps this was a way in which these displaced individuals, torn from their homes without possessions, were able to re-invent their identities in this strange new land. It may also have been a secret form of communication within the closed group. For example, they would wear black republican hat with a wide black band on days of mourning and also on days when enemies were to be killed. The rest of their outfit included a black jacket with ivory buttons that were never buttoned up, as well as a peculiar type of trousers. According to Petropoulos, the trouser-bottoms were so narrow that the rebates used to say that they needed a shoe horn to get them on, and had to soap their heels to get them off, although he does not offer an explanation for this (2000:51). The trouser legs were also turned up at the cuff. This was done to reveal a patch of red velvet that was sewn on the inside, precisely in the style of the kapadaides of Istanbul (Petropoulos, 2000: 51). This, again, suggests a sense of sartorial solidarity. Petropoulos also states that the rebates had a fondness for a certain type of yellow shirt and would also wear a red tie known as achasapikes, which resembled a bow tie. However, at the start of the twentieth century, they stopped wearing ties, considering them too bourgeois. They continued to wear a sort of cummerbund, however. This was called a sonar Although it seems that this item of clothing would also have been rejected as bourgeois, Petropoulos explains that, on the contrary, it was usually arranged with great care, since it was both a way of transmitting messages as well as a convenient hiding place for weapons. For example, one end of the sonar would hang down, and to tread on the trailing end of a toughs sonar was equivalent to laying down a challenge (Petropoulos, 2000: 51). The sonar was also, according to Petropoulos, the last remaining vestige of oriental influence on the rebates clothing. According to Petropoulos, the rebates would carry a range of weapons, although they preferred the silence of double-edged knives and stilettos (2000: 53). They also had standard ways of both humiliating their enemies and killing them. To humiliate an enemy, they would chase him down and slash his buttocks. If the intention was to kill, they would use a double-bladed knife to stab the victim in the stomach. According to legend, the rebates would then pull the knife out and lick the dripping blood. Alternate legends indicate that the rebates would either bend over the dead mans body and do one of two things: either bite of an ear, or suck out an eye (Petropoulos, 2000: 53). Their other weapon of choice was the cudgel: the rebates would dangle their cudgels ostentatiously from the left arm. Transferring the cudgel to the right hand indicated the threat of a beating to come'(Petropoulos, 2000: 54). As might be expected, most of the fighting and killing took place in the evening hours. The format of the fight itself is described by Petropoulos as Homeric. The fight would inevitably begin with an outpouring of oaths, and it was considered unacceptable to kill someone without warning. In addition, the adversaries would wrap their jackets round their left arms, providing them with a kind of shield, somewhat like a medieval sword fight. . . No third party had the right to separate two feuding mange’s who ha drawn their knives'(Petropoulos, 2000: 54). Rebetes who were in prison had a very clear hierarchy. The leader was known as a tsirà ­bashi: the tsirà ­bashi who wanted to assert his authority would hold his knife high and force his fellow prisoners to pass beneath it. As a show of bravado, the mangas would use their knives to eat, shunning all forms of cutlery. In addition not unlike today anyone in prison who did not obey the tacit code might end up getting knifed himself. Although Petropoulos asserts that the rebates were basically law-abiding people, he spends a great deal of time talking about their prison hierarchies. He does this without explaining why these law-abiding people would spend so much time behind bars. Perhaps their existence as a marginalized people made them often vulnerable to authorities, and consequently, they spent a great deal of time imprison because of this persecution. Although this may be true, the excessive use of hashish, although not at the time illegal, may have been a factor that would contribute to this. At any rate, the lingo of prison figures prominently in many of the rembetika lyrics, and the lyrics are so closely associated with the actual lives of the rebates that the merging of myth and man seems inevitable. 3. The Essence of Rembetika This section analyses the components of rembetika: the lyrics, the music, and the dances. Although the three together comprise what is known as rembetika, by taking them apart for individual analysis, one is better able to understand the essence of the music form. 3.1.1 The Lyrics According to Petropoulos, some researchers labour to discover ideas in rembetiko song, and he is highly dismissive of this: the rebetes organized their life in their own particular way, and that is all there is to be said on the matter (Petropoulos, 2000: 68). He does present his own theories on the lyrics of rembetika music, however, and because he is so intimately familiar with the modes and style of rembetika, his insights may be considered rare and valuable. For starters, he breaks rembetika music lyrics down into a series of twenty categories, which are listed below: 1. Love songs 2. Songs of parting and separation 3. Melancholic and plaintive songs; songs of remonstrance 4. Songs of the underworld 5. Hashish-smokers songs 6. Prison songs 7. Songs about poverty 8. Songs about work and working-class life 9. Songs about TB and ill health 10. Songs about Charon and Hades 11. Songs about mothers 12. Songs about exile and foreign parts 13. Songs about dreams; orientalist songs; exotic songs 14. Tavern songs 15. Songs which sing of small sorrows 16. Satirical songs; songs which give advice about life; songs which threaten violence and retribution 17. Songs which are depictions drawn from life 18. Songs which sing the praises of various cities and their inhabitants 19. Songs of army life and war 20. Songs composed for specific individuals (Petropoulos, 2000: 69). Petropoulos also points out that many songs can easily fit under more than one of these categories, and sometimes several at a time. Of the categories above, Petropoulos states that approximately half of the recorded rembetika songs he knows of fall under two major categories. The first of these is love, including parting or separation. The other theme has to do with elements of the rebetic subculture, including the underworld, hashish, prison, tavern, and fights. The rebates never ventured to attack the established institutions of society, he asserts; the police remained the only real target for their aggression (Petropoulos, 2000: 70). As for the style, he explains that the songs were written in a simple style, with a fair smattering of argot (Petropoulos, 2000: 68). It is Petropoulos contention that since in Greece official folklore studies are considered the domain of academic professionals who lookdown on both rebetika and slang, it is highly unlikely that a thorough understanding of rebetika lyrics will not be available in an academic format. He also asserts that since many of the important rembetika practitioners have long since died, their memories and experiences are no longer available to be recorded (Petropoulos, 2000: 70). Because the rebates of this time lived in poverty and squalor, there are a large number of songs that deal with issues of poor health. Most of these, according to Petropoulos, focus on tuberculosis, which was responsible for taking many lives during this time. The high death rate among this subculture also led to quite a few songs about the afterlife, with images of Charon carrying off the dead and taking them down into the underworld, into Hades (Petropoulos, 2000: 71). There are also a considerable number of songs in praise of maternal figures, as well as an absence of songs about fathers. According to Petropoulos, the figure of the mother was very important to their betas, and if there was a hierarchy of women figures, the maternal figure would always be on top: where the mother appears simultaneously with the singers beloved, precedence always goes to the mother'(Petropoulos, 2000: 71). Here again, Petropoulos is dismissive of professional analysis of the lyrics: I shall avoid psychoanalytic clichà ©s and say simply that we don’t know the explanation for the rebates one-sided fixation on his mother (2000: 71). Underlying all the songs, from the love songs to those that praise the freedom of escape through hashish, is a pervasive sense of loss of this disenfranchised group. These are the authentic songs of rembetika these are not the lyrics that were written after rembetikas status had been elevated to respectable, and eventually popular, levels. According to Holst, As the lyrics of the rembetika songs and the descriptions of the rembetika musicians depict them, the mange’s were far from being the idealistic, daring young braves a number of modern Greek writers would have us believe. They were, however, an extremely interesting sub-culture, whose beliefs and habits remain in a rare state of preservation thanks to the words of the rembetika songs (1983: 45). 18. Lemonadhika Down in Lemonadhika, there was a fuss going on. Thomas was caught, together with Elias. Hey, Thomas, dont go making a fuss, because youll come off worst, with a load of bother. Down in Lemonadhika, there was a fuss going on. They caught two pickpockets, and they acted innocent. They stuck them in handcuffs and took them off to prison, and if they dont find the loot theyll get beaten up. Mr. Policeman, dont beat us, because you know that this is our work, so dont come looking for a kick-back. We steal purses, we knock off wallets, so the prison gates get to see us pretty regularly. Death doesnt scare us, only hunger does, thats why we steal wallets and lead the good life. [By V. Papazoglou] (in Petropoulos, 2000: 141) This song was selected because its lyrics strongly suggest the attitude of the rebates of this time. According to Holst, much of the anger and defiance exhibited by the mange’s was directed towards the police. She explains that they do not actually protest the way they are treated, although it seems they often had the right to. Petropoulos concurs here, asserting that when the lyrics of the rebates seem to be in the form of protest, the focus is vague and non-directed (Petropoulos,2000: 70). It was not so much that they protest their ill-treatment’, asserts Holst, stating that in fact they obviously feel some pride in having eaten wood (been beaten up) and served their time in jail; it is rather a refusal to change their way of life or to be submissive before the police, or to lose their sense of humour (1983: 45). The sense of futility and helplessness in the second verse, in the advice to Thomas: dont go making a fuss/because youll come off worst/with a load of bother. This is clearly the attitude of a segment of society that knows better than to challenge authority. They are aware of their low status in the social hierarchy and know better than to assert themselves in any way, for the consequences will be a load of bother. The lyrics of the fourth and fifth verses clearly indicate familiarity with what appears to be a corrupt police force. They know the routine: first their compatriots will be restrained with handcuffs, and then they will be further restrained locked away in prison. Furthermore, they know that if the police do not get their percentage ‘of the stolen goods, that the perpetrators will receive, in addition to everything else, a beating. The progression of thought from verses five through seven is also interesting to note. In verse five, the alleged pickpockets demonstrate perceptive knowledge of criminal life: they know a beating is to follow, and they try to prevent it. In verse six, they admit that they are used to this routine: the prison gates get to see us/pretty regularly. By the final verse, they seem resigned and tough: Death doesn’t scare us/only hunger does/thats why we steal wallets/and lead the good life. The last line is feisty and full of bravado, the kind of bravado that seems to have been the rebates defining trait. The Little Hanoumakia At Panayas on the beach, there was a little tekà ©, And I went there every morning to drive away my blues. Two pretty little hanoumakia, stoned the poor things, I found them there one morning, sitting on the sand. Come close my dervish and sit near me And Ill pour out the blues from my heart. Take your baklama and entertain us for a while, And light up a joint and smoke with us. First light up my narghilà ©, so I can smoke and turn on, And later, hanoumakia, Ill take my baklama. If you want to get high on the narghilà © with fine Turkish hashish, Its Uncle Yannis tekà ©, down in Pasalimani. These lyrics contain words that, as Petropoulos stated above, need tube explained if one is to grasp the gist of the song. Holst explains that the word hanuman, as well as its diminutive form hanoumaki (pluralhanoumakia) is a word with different meanings in Turkish and in Greek.Considering the mixed backgrounds of the rebates, this means that itwas probably used and interpreted in different ways by differentsingers and listeners. In Turkish, the word basically means female orlady. However, in Greek, the lady in question takes on verydefinite characteristics. The Greek usage usual

Justice in Tale of Two Cities

Kate Partington Mr Wood Accelerated English 11 22 February 2013 Justice is a major theme seen in The Tale of Two Cities and it connects all characters in one way or another. One character in particular, Madame Defarge, links most others together in her crazy quest for justice. In Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities, Madame Defarge responds to an injustice in a negative way after the harming of her family and goes about the wrong way of trying to get revenge, which in turn contributes to the overall plot of the story as a whole.Madame Defarge’s search for justice for her family is gone about in the wrong way. She believes that in order to get back at Darnay, she must inflict the same pain she felt upon him. â€Å"Madame Defarge is the symbol of the evils brought forth by the French Revolution,† (eNotes, 67). After the rape of her sister by Darnay’s uncle the Marquis, and the death of her brother, Defarge’s becomes obsessed with hate towards anyone related to the Marquis and then in turn to the whole aristocrat society.Defarge targets the aristocrats in a very stereotypical way, yet does not understand that what she is doing is wrong. â€Å"Madame Defarge plots the downfall of the St. Evremondes and other aristocrats with almost infinite patience, working the names of those whom she hates into her knitting. She plots Darnay's arrest in 1792 and the eventual deaths of his entire family, demonstrating the depths of her hatred,† (eNotes, 67). Her understanding of justice is completely backwards and that only continues to cause more trouble throughout the book.Madame Defarge’s search for justice is successful in her eyes, because she achieves causing pain and suffering, but then goes too far when she begins to target random people. Madame Defarge becomes so obsessed with her idea of justice that no one can hold her back in doing whatever she wants to. Defarge is obviously wrong to go on and kill innocent people, yet in her e yes it is perfectly okay because of the injustice done to her family. Madame Defarge’s acts towards justice contribute to the work as a whole because without her actions there would be essentially be no plot.Defarge is responsible for Darnays trial along with all of the murders, which make up the bulk of the story. The Darnay family is also a big part in this story, and the reader grows a kind of fondness to them. When the Darnay’s family is in danger, the reader is affected as well because of all that was invested in these characters. The reader’s feelings for hatred towards Madame Defarge and sympathy towards Darnay and his family add a great deal to the overall lesson and experience of reading the book.Without Madame Defarge and her crazy acts of justice in her own mind, the story would not be the same and would not give the reader the same benefit. Madame Defarge all in all represents much more than a scorned sister looking for revenge, she represents all th e bad in the French Revolution. She had good intentions in the beginning; just wanted to get justice for her family, much like the French Revolution had good intentions to make a better life. Yet both Madame Defarge’s plan and the French Revolution went too far than originally planned.Madame Defarge began targeting random people just because they were associated with the aristocrat class while the French Revolution did the same. Defarge’s plan was a big part of the overall plot, yet it represents the Revolution as a whole much as the whole book does. Madame Defarge and her quest for justice are a huge part of the overall plot of the story. Without many of her actions, the story as a whole would not be the same. In her search for justice, she represents much more and that in itself contributes to the plot as a symbol for the French Revolution.The injustice done to Madame Defarge continues to affect all throughout the story. Works Cited â€Å"Characters. †Ã‚  Nove ls for Students. Vol. 5. Gale Cengage, .eNotes. com. 22 Feb, 2013 http://www. enotes. com/tale-of-two-cities/ Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities. Evanston: McDougal Littell, 1997. Print. Bibliography â€Å"Characters. †Ã‚  Novels for Students. Vol. 5. Gale Cengage, . eNotes. com. 22 Feb, 2013 http://www. enotes. com/tale-of-two-cities/ Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities. Evanston: McDougal Littell, 1997. Print.

In What Ways Does Imtiaz Dharker Use Language and Structure to Convey Her Ideas in ‘Blessing’

In what ways does Imtiaz Dharker use language and structure to convey her ideas in ‘Blessing'? Blessing  is a poem which creates a celebratory scene as well as being ominous and disturbing. Under the visible good fortune and exhilaration of the scene are darker ideas about the poverty and the religious expression of the people in the poverty ridden suburbs of large third world cities, originating from Imtiaz Dharker's firsthand experience of living in India during the dry season and witnessing the suffering. Imtiaz Dharker uses effective purposeful structure to the poem to give it strength to be able to convey the poem's underlying ideas.She uses four stanzas with deliberate use of varied length sentences. When the sentences are short, early on in the poem, it's used to show the lack of water by contrasting it with the long flowing sentences when its talking about the presences of water. This is achieved by the long flowing sentences evoking the idea of water flowing in the s tanza contrasting with the extensive use of full stops in the beginning of the poem. A clear example of this is found The poet also uses alliteration to emphasise particular words and phrases. She uses it to bring attention to the lack of water in the line â€Å"the small splash†.The sibilance draws the reader's attention to the small splash which contributes vitally to the overall imagery of a parched land. Another use of alliteration, which also is sibilance, is â€Å"sometimes, the sudden rush of fortune†. This emphasises the word â€Å"sudden†, which creates a clearer view of how abrupt the â€Å"rush of fortune† is. The poet uses monosyllables to contribute toward the image of water. The line â€Å"the drop of it† is used as the monosyllables literally create the sound of the water dripping. This is a very effective technique as it adds aural depth to the poem, thus making the poets views easier to transfer to the reader.Another use of structu re to create an effect is the poetic use of rhyme to generate a powerful impact by creating links between words thus reinforcing their main points. â€Å"pod† in the opening line is rhymed with â€Å"god† the last word the second stanza, which creates a link between the two words. It shows how both God and a pod, which immediately conjures up an image of a pea pod, bring life. The poet uses an iambic rhythm in â€Å"blessing†, which means a stable,  regular  rhythm that alternates stressed and unstressed syllables in a fixed pattern.This then provides a sturdy backbone to the poem which allows for it to flow and be aurally pleasant which allows for the reader to be able to delve deep into reading between the lines. Iambic rhythm is the rhythm used in normal speech which is the reason why the poem flows so well. Another use of structure used by the poet is the intentional use of enjambment to create a flowing effect to the poem during the third and forth stan zas when the poet is writing about the presence of water. This creates a flowing rhythm which creates thoughts of water flowing, which happens when a body of water is travelling, like a river.The poet also uses language to evoke emotions in the reader. A strong and effective use of language is the religious implications of water to the people. The poem features the line â€Å"the voice of a kindly god† which is in relation to the gift of water. This is comparing the little water they are receiving to a god, which is god rather than God due to a variety of religions being present in those areas, due to the enormity of their need for water. The idea of idolising water is returned to towards the end of the poem in the line â€Å"the blessing sings over their small bones†.The prospect of a blessing being sung over something is easily related to evangelical Christians singing their gospels and other religious communities expressing their faith through the medium of song. Th ere is also a clear association between water and currency in the poem, as water in that type of situation is as important to the people as money. When the water pipeline owned by the council burst, it is defined as a â€Å"sudden rush of fortune†. This can be taken two ways, firstly it could mean a rush of luck as the inhabitants really benefited from it.Or secondly it can be taken as a rush of currency if â€Å"fortune† is taken as an a large amount of money or assets, as defined by the compact oxford English dictionary. This shows that the poet believes that water to these people is worth a great deal of money. Another comparison of water to currency comes quickly chronologically, with the water from the pipe being referred to as â€Å"silver†. Apart from the obvious fact that water appears to be silver in colour due to waters critical angle of around 49? , it is also due to silver being a precious metal and then relating the preciousness of the ilver in rega rd to the water. As silver is such an expensive precious metal, the metaphor implies that water is essential to people suffering a water deficit. Finally the poet uses phrases which can be interpreted slightly differently but all contributing to the same effect thus creating a deeper and richer meaning to the phrase. This is demonstrated in the line â€Å"the skin cracks†. This is clearly about the shortage of water but it can be viewed in three different ways. Firstly it could mean that the skin of the people are cracking due to dehydration which happens in poverty stricken areas suffering draught.Secondly, it could be regarding the skin around the pod of crops. In place where there is a draught, crops often fail by shrivelling up and cracking into a black dust. Finally, the cracking could be down to the ground drying and therefore shrinking and leaving large cracks in the ground, which has now become an iconic image of a draught. To conclude, Imtiaz Dharker uses a variety i f techniques regarding the structure and language used to create and awareness of how precious water is. It shows how even though we have an abundance, millions of people in the world are desperate for the same luxury.

The Female Spirit By Amartya Kumar Sen - 1398 Words

Amartya Kumar Sen seeks to subvert this, arguing that since independence, there has been liberation of socioeconomic change and a distinct method of exercising the `real freedoms that women enjoy, focusing on the growth of the individual woman in comparison to placing her in a ‘repressive state.’ However, whilst Sen argues with an optimistic tone, it is important to note that the position of the woman in independent India was still a problematic topic. The portrayal of women in the Indian milieu can be thought of as rather extreme. On one hand she is admired as a `Devi’ (Hindu goddess) on the other, she is a commodity of suffering and humiliation. This can be recognised in A Married Woman whereby Astha’s sexual identity is the object†¦show more content†¦On one hand Astha’s mother represents the old ways, whereby the women’s place is to satisfy her husband `every morning she prayed for a good husband for her daughter’ . On t he other, her father believed in the new where Astha’s future `lay in her own hands,’ thus rejecting idealised norms for the Indian woman. Here, Astha’s life is momentarily refrained from being placed in positions of helplessness or weakness. It acts as a vehicle to uphold modern changes of the Indian milieu which are `important to the changing positionality of Asian women.’ However, despite India’s separation from British imperialism and gaining national independence, she failed to separate from the outdated customs of Hindu society. These customs subjected women as naturally inferior, limited to `producing offspring and the performance of household duties.’ This ultimately rejects Astha’s desire to show an individual identity through independence and places her back in the seat of a subordinate woman. Astha’s mother claims that it is her duty is to uphold family honour by securing a marriage with a respectable suitor –Hemant. Within married life, Astha enjoys her opulent surroundings and awakens her previously latent sexuality `she felt a woman of the world, the world that was covered with the film of her desire, and the fluids of their sex.’ Yet through this, feelings of repression and suffering are noticeable `Hemant wasn’t really listening